Decades back conflicts over shifting land boundaries with little hope for lasting peace have rarely resulted in prolonged peace. Despite occasional changes, these disputes still need to bring about a sustainable resolution. It has involved other nations in the region and abroad, posing thorny questions centred on respective rights of self-determination.
In 1896 near the end of the 20th century Jewish activist and founder of political Zionism Theodor Herzl waved a Pamphlet named " The Jewish State" to ensure the existence of a separate homeland for Jews to protect their rights. Herzal proposed a piece of land of the Ottoman Empire for the Jews. Calling, it "our over memorable historic home".
It really started with the 'Cold War' When after World War II in the late 1980s both the United States and the Soviet Union were competing to be the dominant global powers the rivalry also played out in the Middle East, especially in Egypt Israel's Neighbour. Egypt was among the five Muslim states at War with Israel.
According to Khaled Elgindy speaking to Al-Jazeera (a senior fellow at the Middle East Institute), The idea of a Jewish separate homeland was first waved in 1800 by the Zionists. There was great sympathy for the Zionist project throughout the 1930s and 40s for instance and of course, after the Holocaust, that was combined with enormous sympathy for the Jewish genocide that determined the American support for the establishment of a separate state. The support the US had, the Idea of "Shared Democratic Values and the strategic desire of both is something common in the US and Israel they called it. That does not feel it has with the other Middle East Muslim states.
In 1897 The First Zionist Organization was founded.
1917 The Balfour Declaration promised a separate land for the Jews. He was of the view that "sympathy with the Jewish zionist aspirations".
1918 The First milestone was achieved in the form of the Arab Nationalist Organizations. Chiefly, cultural Muntada al-Adabi and the Damuscas 's Al Nadi AL Arabi
1919 Emir Feisal, presented a memorandum to the Paris Conference, mapping the case for the independence of Arab countries.
1920, Britain granted the mandate of Palestine to settle their self-determination rights issue and the Jerusalem pressure against 1917 asserted a distinct Palestine identity.
1922 Palestinian Arabs rejected the motif behind the 1917 Balfour Declaration Legislative Council.
1929 During ongoing political developments, Arab-Jewish clashes broke out, resulting in the death of 200 Jews. In response, British troops killed 116 Arabs.
1930 The British Royal Commissioner ordered to limit the Jewish immigration.
1935 Palestine-Arab leadership accepted the High Commissioner's Proposal of the Legislative Assembly but the British House of Common denied it.
1936 Revolts by the Arabs began with general protests in Jaffa. The British declared Martial Law. 5,000 Arabs were killed and 15,000 injured. Several Arab leaders fled the French to avoid arrest.
1947 The United Nations passed a controversial resolution for the unmatched division of Palestine into Jewish and Arab States. Along with Jerusalem under the control of the United Nations, the trusteeship organization. Arab world strongly disagreed with the idea.
In 1948 April Zionist Paramilitary group launched a massacre 'Deir Yassin' killing hundreds of Palestinians and Arabs in A Jerusalem village.
In the same year, Israel declared Independence. By force expanding its territories. the outcome of it was the large-scale displacement of Palestinians called Nakba a catastrophe.
1949 United Nations General Assembly adopted resolution 273(III) to admit Israel as a member of the UN.
1956 Israel united with Britain and France to invade Egypt during the Suez Crisis partly to undo the Fedayeen Incursions. UN forces in Sinai and Gaza drastically reduced the raids.
1959 Again Yassar Arfat raised a fighting group in Egypt to carry out raids into Israel
In 1967 the first united force for the Muslims Arab League formed the Palestine Liberation Organization under Ahmed Shukeiri.
The First Arab-Israel War of June 1967 fought Israel-occupied the most area of West Bank, Gaza Jerusalem, Golan Heights and the Sinai Peninsula. Following the illegal occupation, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 242 (land for peace).
In 1970 clashes once again erupted over the popularity of PLO in Jordan. The Black September fight with the Jordanian forces. It exiled the Plo into southern Lebanon.
1972 Munich Olympics, an armed group of Palestinians hijacked and attacked the Israeli military officials and civilians to highlight their cause.
In October of 1973, Israel attacked the bases of the Palestinian PLO in Beirut. Following the incident, PLO entered into ten memoranda of understanding with Israel aimed at establishing full Palestinian control over historic Palestine, including the territory of Israel. Later it proved a failed attempt.
In 1975 The committee on the exercise was founded on the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People by resolution 3376. And submitted its agenda to be implemented, to the United Nations General Assembly.
May 1977 the right-wing Likud party has gain victory in Israel. with full support of the settlements in the West Bank and Gaza.
At David Camp following the secret negotiations between the Egyptian President and Israeli Prime Minister agreed on a framework for peace in the Middle East.
In 1980 Israel again expells the 'Basic Law on Jerusalem claiming that Jerusalem whole and united " is the capital of Israel. The UNSC and General Assembly resolution 35/169 E censured this law.
In 1982 Israel attacked Lebanon aimed at eliminating the PLO. After the ceasefire forces fled to the surrounding countries. There was the massacre of Sabra and Sathila camp. Then the PLO leadership remained in Tunisia until it moved in 1994 to Gaza.
First Intifada 1987 hundreds of thousands of Palestinians rose up against the Israeli government in conflicts featuring protests, boycotts and attacks which were mediated through the Oslo Accord in 1993 it laid the ground for the state solution and the establishment of the Palestine Authority. The agreement resulted in the Israeli settlers leaving the six cities and 450 towns in the West Bank. The Council on Foreign Relations roughly counted the 1,300 Palestinians and 200 Israelis killed.
1991 The US and Russia called a conference in Madrid bringing Israel and Palestine together at a table after 1949.
In 1995 Another agreement was signed between Israel and PLO to solve the centuries conflict famous as the Palestinian-Israel Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip. (Oslo II)
A Wye River Memorandum was considered the pathway to implement the previous agreements.
2000 Once again triggered the II Palestinian Intifada to end the Israeli extension. Lasting till 2000-to 2005 about 4,000 Palestinians and 1,000 Israelis died.
In 2001 President Clinton proposed the Clinton Parameters for the permanent status agreement to resolve the conflict. Without any further delay, another meeting was held at the Taba Summit between the rival authorities but failed to bring peace.
United Nations Security Council intended to make peace in 2002 and passed a resolution1397 affirming the vision two-state solution. 'The Quartet' a group of member states from the US, EU UN reached a mandate to solve the conflict and to assist Palestine on economic fronts and Institutional development
In 2003 Arab League meeting was held in Egypt which expressed the hope for 'the Quatet' and was endorsed also by the Security Council.
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